Multi-Prover Architecture
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W3bstream is a blockchain-orchestrated protocol, which aims to harness the power of a global-scale network of provers to execute the logic of emerging DePIN applications. In a nutshell, W3bstream is a decentralized off-chain computing network that is composed of heterogeneous nodes performing verifiable computations, as illustrated in the figure below:
The proofs generated by W3bstream nodes are verified by dedicated verifier contracts on-chain and then consumed by DePIN Dapps. Depending on each DePIN project configuration, W3bstream provers are run by the community and are rewarded for providing their computational resources to process blocks of data for DePIN projects.
Several techniques have been developed in the past to attest integrity of data processing and allow public verifiability, including zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), trusted execution environments (TEEs), and secure multi-party computations (SMPCs).
W3bstream will gradually support the leading zkVM/zkWASM projects (e.g., Risc0, Succinct SP1, Nexus, etc.) as well as popular DSLs (e.g., Circom, Halo2, ZoKrates, Noir, Cairo, etc.) for building customized zk circuits.
Halo2: The Halo2 ZK prover executes Halo2 circuits.
Risc Zero: The Risc Zero prover executes code in a Risc Zero zkVM.
zkWASM: The zkWASM prover executes WASM modules in a zkWASM VM.
The TEE prover facilitates DePIN developers to utilize state-of-the-art confidential computing technology for performing privacy-preserving off-chain computing. W3bstream will gradually support the development flow of the leading TEE-based hardware platforms such as Intel SGX, Intel TDX, AMD SEV, AMD SEV-SNP, AWS Nitro, Arm CCA, etc.
An SMPC prover can be realized by following the general development flow of a specific SMPC protocol (e.g., SPDZ). However, efficiently achieving public verifiability is still an ongoing research direction. The SMPC prover allows DePIN developers to employ several nodes in the network to conduct collaborative privacy-preserving off-chain computing in a distributed manner.
The BYOP type of prover offers great flexibility for DePIN developers deploying optimized provers that are tailored to specific DePIN projects or exploring new efficient verifiable computation techniques in the context of DePIN.
